Paul M. Krueger

The first fully functional Space Shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center to be prepared for its first launch.

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ㅤConstruction of the Space Shuttle Columbia began in 1975 at Rockwell International in Palmdale, California. The orbiter’s name draws inspiration from multiple sources: the ship Columbia Rediviva, the Apollo 11 command module, and the female symbol of the United States. After construction, Columbia arrived at Kennedy Space Center in 1979 for launch preparations, which were significantly delayed due to issues with the RS-25 engine and thermal protection system. Tragically, a ground test in 1981 resulted in worker fatalities due to nitrogen asphyxiation.

ㅤColumbia’s inaugural flight, STS-1, was commanded by veteran astronaut John Young and piloted by rookie Robert Crippen. The shuttle spent an extended period in processing and assembly before its successful launch on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of Vostok 1. It completed 36 Earth orbits and landed at Edwards Air Force Base. Following three further test missions, Columbia began operational flights with STS-5 in November 1982, carrying a four-person crew.